CLASSIFICATION OF ANTIBIOTICS

Cell wall synthesis inhibitors (CWSIs) antibiotics

Penicillins (β-lactam antibiotics)

Natural penicillins

• Penicillin G
• Penicillin V

Penicillinase resistant penicillins (PRP) – Anti-staphilococcal

“Narrow-spectrum” (resistant to beta-lactamase = “penicillinase” inactivation)

• Cloxacillin
• Oxacillin
• Nafcillin
• Dicloxacillin
• Methicillin

Broad spectrum penicillins

Aminopenicillins

• Ampicillin
• Amoxicillin

Carboxypenicilins – Antipseudomonal

• Carbenicillin
• Ticarcillin

Uredopenicillins – Antipseudomonal

• Piperacillin

β-lactamase inhibitors

• Sulbactam (ampicillin + sulbactam)
• Clavulanic Acid (amoxicillin or ticarcillin + potassium clavunalate)
• Tazobactam (piperacillin + tazobactam)
• Avibactam (cephtazidime + avibactam)

Focus on antistaphilococcal and antipseudomonal penicillins

• Anti-staphilococcal penicillins
  • Cloxacillin (PRP)
  • Flucloxacillin (PRP)
  • Dicloxacillin (PRP)
  • Methicillin (PRP)
  • Nafcillin (PRP)
  • Oxacillin (PRP)
• Anti-pseudomonal penicillins
  • Carbenicillin (Carboxypenicillins)
  • Ticarcillin (Carboxypenicillins)
  • Piperacillin (Uredopenicillins)

Cephalosporins (β-lactam antibiotics)

Narrow spectrum cephalosporins (1st generation – 1G)

• Cephazolin
• Cephalexin
• Cephalothin
• Cephapirin
• Cephradine

Expanded spectrum cephalosporins (2nd generation – 2G)

• Cephaclor
• Cephuroxime
• Cephotetan
• Cephoxitin

Broad spectrum cephalosporins (3rd generation – 3G)

• Cephixime
• Cephotaxime
• Cephtriaxone
• Cephtazidime
• Cefoperazone

Extended spectrum cephalosporins (4th generation – 4G)

• Cephepime
• Cephpirome

5th generation cephalosporins – 5G

Carbapenems (β-lactam antibiotics)

• Imipenem
• Meropenem

Monobactams (β-lactam antibiotics)

• Aztreonam

Glycopeptides

• Vancomicin

Lipopeptides

• Daptomycin

Polipeptides

• Bacitracin A

Cyclic polypeptides

• Polymyxin B

Phosphoenolpyruvate analogue

• Phosphomycin (synthetic broad spectrum bactericidal antibiotic)

Antitubercular agents

• Isoniazid (first-line tuberculostatic, antimycobacterial agent)
• 4-aminosalicylic acid (against resistant strands of M. tuberculosis)
• Ethambutol (first-line antimycobacterial agent)
• Ethionamide (second-line antimycobacterial agent)
• D-cycloserine (adjuvant antibiotic used to treat TBC)
• Rifampicin (NAIs/RNA-SIs and antimycobacterial agent)

Protein synthesis inhibitors (PSIs) antibiotics

Aminoglycosides (30Sv ribosomal subunit inhibitors)

• Streptomycin
• Tobramycin
• Amikacin
• Gentamicin
• Neomycin

Tetracyclines (30Sv ribosomal subunit inhibitor inhibitors)

• Tetracycline
• Doxycycline
• Minocycline

Glycylcycline (30Sv ribosomal subunit inhibitors)

• Tygecycline

Oxazolidines (50Sv ribosomal subunit inhibitors)

• Chloramphenicol
• Linezolid

Macrolides (50Sv ribosomal subunit inhibitors)

• Azithromycin
• Clarithromycin
• Erythromicin

Ketolides (50Sv ribosomal subunit inhibitors)

• Telitromycin

Lincosamides (50Sv ribosomal subunit inhibitors)

• Clindamycin

Streptogrammins (50Sv ribosomal subunit inhibitors)

• Quinupristin-dalfopristin

Nucleic acid inhibitors (NAIs) antibiotics

DNA synthesis inhibitors (DNA-SIs)

Fluoroquinolones

• Ciprofloxacin
• Levofloxacin
• Clofazimine (clofazimine + rifampicin + dapsone = treats leprosy)
• Metronidazole
• Gatifloxacin
• Moxifloxacin

RNA synthesis inhibitors (RNA-SIs)

• Rifampicin (clofazimine + rifampicin + dapsone = treats leprosy)
• Rifabutin

Antimetabolites antibiotics

• Trimethoprim
• Sulfamethoxazole (sulphonamides)
  • CO-Trimoxazole (Trimethoprim + Sulfamethoxazole) Bactrim®
• Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole
• Dapsone (clofazimine + rifampicin + dapsone = treats leprosy)
• Para-aminosalicylic acid